@article {727, title = {MAMMALS AND BUTTERFLIES NEW TO AMORGOS (KIKLADES), WITH NOTES ON REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS}, journal = {Parnassiana Archives}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {31.1.2017}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Three mice, Apodemus mystacinus (Danford \& Alston 1877), A. cf. sylvaticus (Linnaeus 1758) \& Mus
(musculus) domesticus Rutty 1772, a shrew (Crocidura suaveolens Pallas 1811), a bat, Pipistrellus
pipistrellus (Schreber 1774), and 10 butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) are added to the known
fauna of Amorgos. Occurrence and distributional updates for other mammals, reptiles and amphibians
are added.

}, keywords = {Amorgos, Apodemus, Iraklia, Kiklades (Cyclades), Mus, Mustela, Pipistrellus, Rhopalocera}, issn = {ISSN: 2241-7834}, author = {Anthony S. Cheke and Ruth E. Ashcroft} } @article {726, title = {TΗΕ ΒUΤΤΕRFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA \& HESPERIOIDEA) OF MT. IMITTOS, ATTIKI, GREECE}, journal = {Parnassiana Archives}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {16.3.2014}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

A full list of the butterflies and skippers recorded on Mt. Imittos is presented, together with their distribution in Greece and their phenology. \Τhe study revealed that 53 species in 5 families and 40 genera occur on the mountain.

}, keywords = {Central Greece {\textendash} Athens basin {\textendash} Mt. Imittοs {\textendash} Butterflies {\textendash} Skippers {\textendash} Faunistics}, issn = {ISSN: 2241-7834}, author = {Sotiris Alexiou} } @article {725, title = {Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea \& Hesperioidea) of the Greek central Aegean Island of Iraklia, and a synopsis of the taxa recorded from the nearby islands of Paros, Naxos, Ios and Amorgos}, journal = {Parnassiana Archives}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {31.12. 2015}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

The butterflies of the Greek Island of Iraklia have been studied systematically for the past 15 years,
revealing the occurrence on the island of 27 species. Included is also the first record of the invasive
Cacyreus marshalli for the Kiklades Islands as a whole and for Iraklia in particular. Finally a synopsis
of the butterflies found in nearby islands is also being presented.

}, keywords = {Cacyreus marshalli, Central Aegean Sea, faunistics., first record, Greece, Hesperioidea, Iraklia Island, Kiklades Islands, Papilionoidea}, issn = {ISSN: 2241-7834}, author = {Giannis Gavalas and Sotiris Alexiou} } @article {724, title = {Inter- and intraspecific variation in the genitalia of the {\textquoteleft}Melitaea phoebe group{\textquoteright} (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {250}, year = {2011}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

The ecology and phylogeny of the Melitaeini butterflies have received considerable attention in the last few years. Several
publications have been based on research using molecular methods. Genital morphometry has already been published on two
sibling species but without any accompanying taxonomic revision of related species or their intraspecific taxonomy. In this
study the morphology of genitalia was analysed by landmark-based geometric morphometrics in males and by traditional
morphometrics in females. Based on these morphological characters, the whole M. phoebe group (subg. Cinclidia) was revised.
According to our results M. telona Fruhstorfer, 1908 is conspecific with M. \‘phoebe\’ ornata Christoph, 1893. Thus, we consider
M. telona a junior synonym of M. ornata, and we propose new combinations: M. ornata ornata Christoph, 1893, M. ornata
telona Fruhstorfer, 1908, M. ornata amanica Rebel, 1917, M. ornata capreolaVarga, 1967, M. ornata emipunicaVerity, 1919, M.
ornata enoch Higgins, 1941, M. ornata kovacsi Varga, 1967, M. ornata nigrogygia Verity, 1938, M. ornata ogygia Fruhstorfer,
1907 and M. ornata totila Stauder, 1914 based on the rule of priority. The validity of the species status of M. punica and M.
scotosia was confirmed, whereas M. sibina and M. pseudosibina could not be separated from M. phoebe using morphometrics.
A new species from Iran (Zagros Mts.) was described as M. zagrosi sp. n. In addition, the whole geographical range of M.
ornata was reconsidered and some biogeographical connections were discussed. In M. ornata four morphotypes were found
based on genitalia: 1. \‘Western type\’: including the Italian, Hungarian and SW Ukrainian populations; 2. \‘Eastern type\’: with a
much extended distribution ranging from the Balkan Peninsula through Asia Minor to Kazakhstan; 3. \‘The Levant type\’ (=M.
ornata telona comb. nov.); 4. \‘Northern Iranian type\’ (Kopeth Dagh and Elburz Mts.). The distribution of these morphotypes
can be attributed to historic separation in distinct glacial refugia.

}, keywords = {Melitaea; Palaearctic; Melitaea ornata stat. revid.; Morphometrics; Biogeographic subdivision; Identification key}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2011.05.002}, author = {J{\'A}NOS P. T{\'O}TH and ZOLT{\'A}N VARGA} } @article {723, title = {Species delimitation in the Grayling genus Pseudochazara (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) supported by DNA barcodes}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {600}, year = {2016}, month = {22.6.2016}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

The Palaearctic Grayling genus Pseudochazara encompasses a number of petrophilous butterfly species,
most of which are local endemics especially in their centre of radiation in SW Asia and the Balkans. Due
to a lack of consistent morphological characters, coupled with habitat induced variability, their taxonomy
is poorly understood and species delimitation is hampered. We employed a DNA barcoding approach to
address the question of separate species status for several European taxa and provide first insight into the
phylogeny of the genus. Unexpectedly we found conflicting patterns with deep divergences between presumably
conspecific taxa and lack of divergence among well-defined species. We propose separate species
status for P. tisiphone, P. amalthea, P. amymone, and P. kermana all of which have separate well supported
clades, with the majority of them becoming local endemics. Lack of resolution in the \‘Mamurra\’ species
group with well-defined species (in terms of wing pattern and coloration) such as P. geyeri, P. daghestana
and P. alpina should be further explored using nuclear molecular markers with higher genetic resolution.

}, keywords = {barcoding, butterflies, Papilionoidea, phylogeny, Satyrinae, taxonomy}, doi = {doi: 10.3897/zookeys.600.7798}, author = {RUDI VEROVNIK and Martin Wiemers} } @article {722, title = {Description of the female genitalia of Hipparchia fagi Scopoli, Hipparchia semele Linnaeus (Satyridae) and their related taxa }, journal = {The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera}, volume = {22}, year = {1983}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

The female genitalia of Hipparchia fagi Scopoli, Hipparchia semele Linnaeus and most of their related taxa are described and figured and certain aspects of their anatomy are discussed and compared. The male genitalia of these butterflies are also figured for reference purposes. Two locality maps of examined specimens are included.\ \ 

}, author = {John C. Coutsis} } @article {721, title = {REVISION OF THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAEA FABRICIUS, 1807 (LEPIDOPT., NYMPHALIDAE)}, journal = {TRANS. R. ENT. SOC. LOND.}, volume = {89}, year = {1940}, month = {10.1940}, chapter = {591}, author = {Roger Verity} } @article {719, title = {A survey of the subgenus Plebejides (Sauter, 1986) - preliminary revision}, journal = {Linneana Belgica }, volume = {XII}, year = {1990}, chapter = {190}, author = {Zsolt Balint and Annamaria Kertesz} } @article {718, title = {Egy xeromont{\'a} n bogl{\'a}rkalepke: a Plebejus pylaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) {\'e}s rokons{\'a}gi k{\"o}re (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), III.* A csoport filogenetik{\'a}ja {\'e} s {\'a}llatf{\"o}ldrajza .}, journal = {A Janus Pannonius M{\'u}zeum {\'E}vk{\"o}nyve}, volume = {37}, year = {1993}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

The phylogenetic relationships o f the Plebejides taxa are clarified b y
cladistic methods . The speciation and biogeographic history of the
group is discussed. Notes on the dynamism and the coolescence of the
phyletic branches are given. Detailed English summary and list of
references close the work.

}, author = {Zsolt Balint} } @article {717, title = {Description of a new subspecies of Plebejus (Plebejides) sephirus Frivaldsky, 1835 from Macedonia with short note on the pylaon-complex (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) }, journal = {Ber. Kreis. nurnb. Ent. galathea}, volume = {2}, year = {1987}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Plebejus (Plebejides) sephirus magnificus ssp. n.\  is described from Macedonia. The pylaon-complex is shortly discoussed.\ 

}, author = {Zsolt Balint} } @article {716, title = {Een nieuwe Pseudochazara - soort voor de wetenschap uit noordoost - Griekenland (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) }, journal = {Phegea}, volume = {10}, year = {1981}, month = {30. 7. 1981}, chapter = {7}, author = {Willy de Prins and Dirk van der Poorten} } @article {715, title = {Africa goes Europe: The complete phylogeography of the marbled white butterfly species complex Melanargia galathea/M. lachesis (Lepidoptera: Satyridae)}, journal = {Organisms, Diversity \& Evolution}, volume = {8}, year = {2008}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Climatic oscillations influence the distribution of species in time. Thermophilic species survived the ice ages in
refugia around the Mediterranean. Northern Africa is one of the possibly important refugia. In this study we test the
genetic differentiation between northern African and European populations, using the marbled white butterfly species
complex, Melanargia galathea/M. lachesis, as a model. We studied 18 allozyme loci in 876 individuals from 23
populations representing a major part of Europe (northern Spain to Romania) and the western part of northern Africa
(Atlas Mountains). The African populations resemble the European ones in allelic richness; their genetic diversity is
higher than in Europe. Cluster analysis discriminated five European genetic groups: M. lachesis, a western European
lineage, and three eastern European lineages. However, the African samples did not form a separate cluster within this
phenogram, but clustered randomly within the Balkan/southeastern European groups. The genetic differentiation
among the African populations (FST 8.8\%) was higher than that within any of the European lineages (FST 2.6\–5.5\%).
The high genetic diversity and the relatively strong differentiation of the four African populations sampled in a
comparatively limited area of the Atlas Mountains indicate that the most probable origin of M. galathea is northern
Africa, with its sibling species, M. lachesis, evolving in parallel in Iberia. Most probably, M. galathea colonised Europe
first during the Eem interglacial, some 130 ky ago. Since M. lachesis must have existed on the Iberian peninsula during
that period already, M. galathea should have reached Europe via Italy. The genetic differentiation to distinct groups in
Europe most probably evolved during the following Wu\¨ rm glacial period.

}, keywords = {Molecular biogeography; Northern Africa; Genetic diversity; Range expansion; Eem interglacial; Wu{\textasciidieresis} rm glaciati}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.ode.2007.04.002}, author = {Jan Christian Habel and Marc Meyer and Abdelhamid El Mousadik and Thomas Schmitt} } @article {714, title = {Multivariate analysis of male genital structures in the Hipparchia semele-muelleri-delattini complex (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from the Balkans: how many taxa?}, journal = {Nota lepidopterologica}, volume = {27}, year = {2004}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Two closely related Hipparchia taxa, Hipparchia delattini Kudrna, 1975 and H. semele
muelleri Kudrna, 1975 have been described from the Balkans based on differences in male genital
structure, compared to each other and to another nominal European taxon (H. semele Linnaeus, 1758).
Subsequently, Kudrna (1977) synonymised both H. delattini and H. muelleri with H. volgensis
(Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952). Application of multivariate statistical techniques on male genital data
indicates a cline in several aspects of genital morphology linking these three taxa across Europe.
Although clusters are repeatedly found that correspond with the three taxa, it is not possible to ascribe
every individual specimen to one of the three Hipparchia taxa. Hipparchia muelleri is shown to occupy
an intermediate position between H. semele and H. delattini. Generally, H. delattini is present in an area
covering part of northern Greece and the central Balkans. H. semele is present in western Europe, the
Balkans and down the western side of Greece. However, individual specimens that classify to H. delattini
in the current analyses may occur much further west, where historically only H. semele has been, and
there appears to be a correlation between putative taxa and altitude with H. delattini occurring at higher
altitudes. It is suggested that genetic differentiation between these taxa has been maintained and enhanced
during glacial-interglacial cycles. The results of this study are discussed in relation to other morphological
characters and biogeography and require further testing with molecular data.

}, keywords = {Balkans, biometrics, genitalia, Hipparchia delattini, Hipparchia muelleri, Hipparchia semele, Hipparchia volgensis, Lepidoptera, numerical taxonomy., Nymphalidae, Satyrinae}, issn = {ISSN 0342-7536}, author = {Andrew Wakeham-Dawson and Predrag Jaksic and Jeremy D. Holloway and Roger L. H. Dennis} } @article {713, title = {Reformation of the Polyommatus Section with a Taxonomie and Biogeographic OverView (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatini)}, journal = {NEUE ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN}, volume = {40}, year = {1997}, month = {11.1997}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The generic composition of the Polyommatus Section of the Polyommatini, originally proposed by Eliot mostly from studies of male genitalia and including 33 valid generic names, is revised.
Recent revisionary works, including study of morphological (and other) characters in both sexes indicates the following genera must be excluded: Cyclargus Nabokov, 1945; Echinargus Nabokov, 1945; Hemiargus Hubner, [1819]; Itylos Draudt, 1921 (= Parachilades Nabokov, 1945); Nabokovia Hemming, 1960 and Pseudochrysops Nabokov, 1945.
Characters are reviewed for the nine genera remaining in Polyommatus Section:\ Agriades Hubner, [1819];\ Albulina Turr, 1909 (= Farsia Zhdanko, 1992, syn. nov.; Pamiria Zhdanko, 1994, syn. nov.; Patricius Balint, 1991, syn. nov. and Plebejidea Koqak, 1993, syn. nov.);\ Aricia [Reichenbach], 1819 (= Umpria Zhdanko, 1994, syn. nov.);
Chilades Moore, [1881] (= Lachides Nekrutenko, 1984, syn. nov.);\ Madeleinea Balint, 1993;\ Paralycaeides Nabokov, 1945;\ Plebejus Kluk, 1802 (= Alpherakya Zhdanko 1994, syn. nov.);\ Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 (= Elviria Zhdanko, 1994, syn. nov.) and Pseudolucia Nabokov, 1945.
A list of genera and species is given. Three replacement names are proposed:
Plebejus ardis Balint \& Johnson, nom. nov. (replaces Lycaena eversmanni Staudinger, 1894), Plebejus beani Balint \& Johnson, nom. nov. (replaces Lycaena indica Evans, 1925) and Plebejus pilgram Balint \& Johnson, nom. nov. (replaces Lycaena serica Grum-Grshimailo, 1902).
From examination of type material, the following new species level synonymies are established: Aricia monarchus Higgins, 1981 (junior synonym of Papilio semiargus Rottemburg, 1775), Lycaena idas tshimgana Forster, 1936 (junior synonym of Lycaena argus f. naruena Courvoisier, 1913),\ Plebejus balinti D\’Abrera, 1993 (junior synonym of Lycaena buddhista Alpheraky, 1881), Polyommatus tibetanus Forster, 1940 (junior synonym of Polyommatus annulatus Elwes, 1906) and Vacciniina lornex Higgins, 1981 (junior synonym of Plebejus lucifera selengensis Forster, 1940).
A hypothetical branching diagram of the Polyommatus Section is presented and discussed, with notes concerning historical context (especially regarding the Plebejinae system of Nabokov). The phenomenon of wing discoloration in certain Polyommatini is discussed in light of new data concerning geographic distribution and apparent endemism in various of these taxa. Also examined are historical and current methods of studying the Polyommatini and various views of the tribes\’s overall diversity.
In an Appendix, six polyommatine lycaenids are described: Agriades kurtjohnsoni BAum. spec. nov. from Nepal, Albulina gaborronkayi Balint, spec. nov. also from Nepal, Polyommatus frauvartianae spec. nov. from Afghanistan, Polyommatus fabiani spec. nov. from Mongolia, Polyommatus delessei spec. nov. from Iran and Madeleinea gradoslamasi spec. nov. from Peru.

}, issn = {ISSN 0722-3773}, author = {Zsolt Balint and Kurt Johnson} } @article {712, title = {A combined genetic-morphometric analysis unravels the complex biogeographical history of Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celina Common Blue butterflies}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {20}, year = {2011}, chapter = {3921}, abstract = {

Widespread species have the potential to reveal large-scale biogeographical patterns, as
well as responses to environmental changes possibly unique to habitat generalists. This
study presents a continental-scale phylogeographical analysis of Polyommatus icarus,
one of the most common Palaearctic butterflies, and the morphologically and ecologically
similar Polyommatus celina, a recently discovered cryptic species. By combining data
from mitochondrial [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and nuclear [internal
transcribed spacer (ITS2)] molecular markers with geometric morphometrics, we
document a complex phylogeographical history for the two species. Despite morphological
similarities, the genetic divergence between these two species is high (more than
5\% at COI) and they are not sister species. For the first time, we show that P. celina
occurs not only in North Africa but also in Europe, where it inhabits several west
Mediterranean islands, as well as large parts of Iberia, where it occurs in parapatry with
P. icarus. The two species appear to completely exclude each other on islands, but we
provide morphological and molecular evidence that introgression occurred in the Iberian
Peninsula. We discovered strongly diverged lineages that seem to represent relict
populations produced by past range expansions and contractions: Crete and Iberian
isolates for P. icarus, Balearics\–Sardinia and Sicily\–Lipari for P. celina. This study
shows that a combined genetic-morphometric approach can shed light on cryptic
diversity while providing the necessary resolution to reconstruct a fine-scale phylogeographical
history of species at both spatial and temporal levels.

}, keywords = {cryptic species, geometric morphometrics, molecular markers, Phylogeography, Polyommatus celina, Polyommatus icarus}, doi = {doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05223.x}, author = {Vlad Dinca and Leonardo Dapporto and Roger Vila} } @article {711, title = {Genetic differentiation of the marbled white butterfly, Melanargia galathea , accounts for glacial distribution patterns and postglacial range expansion in southeastern Europe}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {2006}, chapter = {1889}, abstract = {

Isolation of Mediterranean species in the southern European peninsulas during the cold
glacial phases often resulted in differentiation of several genetic lineages confined to the
respective peninsulas. However, whilst there is good genetic evidence for multiple refugia
in Iberia, there are only limited data available for the Balkans. Therefore, we wish to examine
the hypothesis of a strong genetic structuring within southeastern Europe for the existence
of multiple Balkan differentiation centres and/or several leading edges. As a model we use
the marbled white butterfly,
Melanargia galathea
. We studied 18 allozyme loci of 564 individuals
from 16 populations distributed over a large part of southeastern Europe. The single
populations showed moderately high genetic diversity and no northward decline of genetic
diversity was detected. The overall genetic differentiation between populations was considerable
(FST 7.0\%). Cluster analysis discriminated three genetic groups: (i) a western flank
in the former Yugoslavia, parts of eastern Austria and Hungary; (ii) an eastern flank with
populations from Bulgaria and Romania (south of the southern Carpathians and eastern
Carpathians); and (iii) the eastern Carpathian Basin. Hierarchical variance analysis distributed
53\% of the variance among populations between these three groups. One sample from the
Greek\–Bulgarian border clustered within the eastern flank, but showed some tendency
towards the eastern Carpathian Basin populations. Two populations from Carinthia clustered
together with the eastern Carpathian Basin ones and a population from Styria showed an
intermediate genetic composition between the three groups. Most probably, the eastern and
the western flank groups are due to postglacial range expansion from the northeastern and
the northwestern edges of the glacial differentiation centre (so-called leading edges). The
eastern Carpathian Basin group may have resulted from postglacial expansion from northern
Greece through valley systems of the central Balkan peninsula, maybe even expanding
westwards north of the Balkan mountains reaching some parts of eastern Austria (e.g. Carinthia).
Therefore, the Balkanic refugium of
M. galathea
may or may not have been continuous
along the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, but must have been strongly genetically structured.

}, keywords = {allozyme electrophoresis, genetic lineages, leading edge, Nymphalidae, Phylogeography, postglacial range expansion, Satyrinae, W{\"u}rm ice age}, doi = {doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02900.x}, author = {Thomas Schmitt and Jan Christian Habel and Marco Zimmermann and Paul Muller} } @article {710, title = {Muschampia cribrellum inexpectata, a new subspecies from Mt Olympus, Greece (Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae)}, journal = {Lepidopteres - Revue des Lepidopteristes de France }, volume = {27}, year = {2018}, month = {5/2018}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

The phenotypic analyses of the Greek population of Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) from the Mount Olympus reveal a new subspeciation in the Balkan area. The specimens from Mt Olympus are separated from the other European populations by both forewing white spots presence and specific alpine biotope. The genotypic analysis and the genitalia examination do not confirm the phenotypic results, problably because of a very recent range fragmentation or expansion, selective sweeps po-tentially induced by Wolbachia infection.

}, keywords = {Greece, inexpectata ssp. nova, Mt Olympus, Muschampia cribrellum}, author = {Slobodan Davkov and Xavier M{\'e}rit} } @article {709, title = {Description of the female genitalia of Hipparchia fagi Scopili, Hipparchia semele Linnaeus (Satyridae) and their related taxa}, journal = {The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera}, volume = {22}, chapter = {161}, author = {John C. Coutsis} } @article {708, title = {Co-occurrence of three Aristolochia feeding Papilionids (Archon apollinus, Zerynthia polyxena and Zerynthia cerisy) in Greek Thrace}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {49}, year = {2015}, month = {5/2015}, abstract = {

Comparative studies of co-occurring species using overlapping resources may help
in understanding the mechanisms supporting biotic diversity in species-rich
regions, such as the Mediterranean region of Europe. Three Papilionidae butterflies,
Archon apollinus, Zerynthia cerisy and Zerynthia polyxena, develop on
Aristolochia plants and co-occur in Greek Thrace. We used mark\–recapture to
describe adult demography and dispersal, and searched for eggs and larvae to
assess host plants and microhabitat preferences. Adult flight timing followed a
sequence from earliest A. apollinus, through Z. polyxena to late Z. cerisy; this was
more prominent in 2010 (warm early spring) than in 2011 (cold delayed spring).
Population densities were highest for A. apollinus and lowest for Z. cerisy, whereas
dispersal ability followed a reverse pattern. Adults of all three species crossed
distances \> 3 km and used all habitat types present. Four Aristolochia host plants
were used at the study locality: small Aristolochia pallida, intermediate
Aristolochia rotunda and Aristolochia hirta, and bulky, late-sprouting
Aristolochia clematitis. Both A. apollinus and Z. polyxena used all four
Aristolochia species, the former preferring Aristolochia rotunda and Aristolochia
hirta, the latter Aristolochia rotunda and Aristolochia pallida. Zerynthia cerisy did
not use the early-growing Aristolochia pallida while frequently using the lategrowing
Aristolochia clematitis. Further parameters affecting oviposition were
biotope and canopy closure: early A. apollinus tolerated shady sites but late
Z. cerisy avoided them. The simultaneous use of several host plants differing in
phenology and habitat requirements, combined with rather high dispersal ability,
arguably buffers the butterflies\’ population dynamics against yearly variation in
weather, while allowing efficient occupation of the diverse Mediterranean landscapes.
The regional habitat diversity, created during millennia of human activity,
is currently threatened by land abandonment, which may diminish the resource
base for the studied butterflies.

}, keywords = {butterfly demography; dispersal; oviposition; Lepidoptera; Mediterranean region; phenology}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006281}, author = {Jana Slancarova and Pavel Vrba and Michal Platek and Michal Zapletal and Lukas Spitzer and Martin Konvicka} } @article {707, title = {Prime Butterfly Areas of Europe: an initial selection of priority sites for conservation}, journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {10}, year = {2006}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

The Red Data Book of European Butterflies, published in 1999, showed that butterflies have declined
seriously across Europe and that 71 of the 576 species are threatened (12\% of the total) either because of
their extreme rarity or rapid decline. Many more species were shown to be declining in substantial parts of
their range. A follow up project was conducted in 2002\–3 to identify Prime Butterfly Areas (PBAs) in
Europe where conservation should be targeted as a priority. Due to constraints of time and resources, this
concentrated on identifying the most important (prime) areas for 34 target species, using a network of
national compilers. The book gives details of 431 areas covering 1.8\% of the land surface of Europe, and
shows that target butterflies are declining in one quarter of PBAs, indicating that breeding habitats are
continuing to deteriorate even though many are protected by national designation. Chief threats are from
agricultural intensification, afforestation, abandonment of traditional practices, and isolation. We make
nine recommendations: (1) Produce detailed descriptions of the PBAs within each country and protect all
PBAs under national law; (2) Protect PBAs under relevant international EU law (e.g. EU Habitats and
Species Directive); (3) Provide adequate protection of PBAs in non EU countries; (4) Ensure sound habitat
management within PBAs and sympathetic management in surrounding areas; (5) Take measures to
conserve the wider environment and whole landscapes within and surrounding PBAs in order to sustain
viable metapopulations; (6) Monitor populations of target species and conduct research to identify
appropriate habitat management techniques. (7) Revise pan-European legislation to take account of the
new information provided in the Red Data Book of European butterflies (e.g. Bern Convention and the EU
Habitats and Species Directive); (8) Conduct a more comprehensive review of Important Butterfly Areas in
Europe as soon as possible; (9) Keep the list of Prime Butterfly Areas up-to-date (e.g. via the internet).

}, keywords = {conservation, Important biodiversity areas, red list, Threatened butterflies}, doi = {DOI 10.1007/s10841-005-7548-1}, author = {Chris A.M. van Swaay and Martin S. Warren} } @article {706, title = {Wanted! Dead or alive: the tale of the Brown{\textquoteright}s Grayling (Pseudochazara amymone)}, journal = {J Insect Conserv}, volume = {18}, year = {2014}, month = {23 July 2014}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

The Brown\’s Grayling (Pseudochazara amymone)
is one of the most enigmatic and sought after species
among European butterflies. Hiding its exact distribution
for almost 40 years with the idea of protecting it, resulted
in an increasing collector\’s interest, with market prices
reaching up to 1,000 euro for a single female after its
discovery in Albania. Aiming to demystify this butterfly
and enable entomologists and conservationists to see the
species in its natural environment, we provide detailed
information on its distribution in south-eastern Albania. In
addition, we modelled the potential species distribution to
facilitate further surveys within its potential range. The
modelled range of P. amymone is highly fragmented
stretching from the central part of eastern Albania to
northern Greece and is strongly bound to ophiolite
geological strata. The species was re-assessed as Endangered
according to the IUCN criteria, with a predicted
population decline due to construction of hydroelectric
power plants in one of the locations. We argue that hiding
valuable information regarding threatened insect species
may have negative effects and we advocate publishing
available distribution data so that conservation measures
may be undertaken where and when necessary.

}, keywords = {Lepidoptera  Nymphalidae  Satyrinae  Threatened species  Maxent  Species distribution model}, author = {RUDI VEROVNIK and Milos Popovic and Martina Sasic and Sylvain Cuvelier and Dirk Maes} } @article {705, title = {Tracing the origin of disjunct distributions: a case of biogeographical convergence in Pyrgus butterflies}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {38}, year = {2011}, month = {October 2011}, chapter = {2006}, abstract = {

Aim To study the biogeographical factors responsible for the current disjunct
distributions of two closely related species of butterflies (Pyrgus cinarae and
Pyrgus sidae, Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Both species have small populations in
the Iberian Peninsula that are isolated by more than 1000 km from their nearest
conspecifics. Because these species possess similar ecological preferences and
geographical distributions, they are excellent candidates for congruent
biogeographical histories.
Location The Palaearctic region, with a special focus on the Mediterranean
peninsulas as glacial refugia.
Methods We integrated phylogeography and population genetic analyses with
ecological niche modelling. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase
subunit 1 (COI) and the non-coding nuclear marker internal transcribed spacer 2
(ITS2) were analysed for 62 specimens of P. cinarae and for 80 of P. sidae to infer
phylogeography and to date the origin of disjunct distributions. Current and
ancestral [Last Glacial Maximum using MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate) and CCSM (Community Climate System Model)
circulation models] distribution models were calculated with Maxent. Using
present climatic conditions, we delimited the ecological space for each species.
Results The genetic structure and potential ancestral distribution of the two
species were markedly different. While the Iberian population of P. cinarae had an
old origin (c. 1 Ma), that of P. sidae was closely related to French and Italian
lineages (which jointly diverged from eastern populations c. 0.27 Ma). Ecological
niche modelling showed that minor differences in the ecological preferences of
the two species seem to account for their drastically different distributional
response to the last glacial to post-glacial environmental conditions. Although the
potential distribution of P. cinarae was largely unaffected by climate change,
suitable habitat for P. sidae strongly shifted in both elevation and latitude. This
result might explain the early origin of the disjunct distribution of P. cinarae, in
contrast to the more recent disjunction of P. sidae.
Main conclusions We show that convergent biogeographical patterns can be
analysed with a combination of genetic and ecological niche modelling data. The
results demonstrate that species with similar distributional patterns and ecology
may still have different biogeographical histories, highlighting the importance of
including the temporal dimension when studying biogeographical patterns.

}, keywords = {Biogeography, COI, disjunct distribution, ecology, ITS2, Lepidoptera, niche modelling, Palaearctic region, palaeoclimate, phylogeography.}, author = {Juan L Hernandez-Roldan and Cesc Murria and Helena Romo and Gerard Talavera and Evgeny Zakharov and Paul D. N. Hebert and Roger Vila} } @article {704, title = {Karyosystematics and molecular taxonomy of the anomalous blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Balkan Peninsula}, journal = {Comparative Cytogenetics}, volume = {10}, year = {2016}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The Balkan Peninsula represents one of the hottest biodiversity spots in Europe. However, the invertebrate
fauna of this region is still insufficiently investigated, even in respect of such well-studied organisms as
Lepidoptera. Here we use a combination of chromosomal, molecular and morphological markers to rearrange
the group of so-called anomalous blue butterflies (also known as \‘brown complex\’ of the subgenus
Agrodiaetus H\übner, [1822] and as the Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) admetus (Esper, 1783) species group)
and to reveal its cryptic taxonomic structure. We demonstrate that P. aroaniensis (Brown, 1976) is not as
widespread in the Balkans as was previously thought. In fact, it has a dot-like distribution range restricted
to the Peloponnese Peninsula in South Greece. Polyommatus orphicus Kolev, 2005 is not as closely related
to the Turkish species P. dantchenkoi (Lukhtanov \& Wiemers, 2003) as was supposed earlier. Instead, it
is a Balkan endemic represented by two subspecies: P. orphicus orphicus (Bulgaria) and P. orphicus eleniae
Coutsis \& De Prins, 2005 (Northern Greece). Polyommatus ripartii (Freyer, 1830) is represented in the
Balkans by an endemic subspecies P. ripartii pelopi. The traditionally recognized P. admetus (Esper, 1783) is
shown to be a heterogeneous complex and is divided into Polyommatus admetus sensu stricto (the Balkans
and west Turkey) and P. yeranyani (Dantchenko \& Lukhtanov, 2005) (east Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan
and Iran). Polyommatus nephohiptamenos (Brown \& Coutsis, 1978) is confirmed to be a species with a dotlike
distribution range in Northern Greece. Finally, from Central Greece (Timfristos and Parnassos moun-tains) we describe Polyommatus timfristos Lukhtanov, Vishnevskaya \& Shapoval, sp. n. which differs by its

haploid chromosome number (n=38) from the closely related and morphologically similar P. aroaniensis
(n=47-48) and P. orphicus (n=41-42). We provide chromosomal evidence for three separate south Balkan
Pleistocene refugia (Peloponnesse, Central Greece and Northern Greece/South Bulgaria) and stress the
biogeographic importance of Central Greece as a place of diversification. Then we argue that the data
obtained have direct implications for butterfly karyology, taxonomy, biogeography and conservation.

}, keywords = {Agrodiaetus, biodiversity, chromosome, COI, conservation, cryptic species, DNA barcode, ITS2, karyotype, mitochondrial marker, Polyommatus timfristos sp. n., protected species, red list}, author = {Maria S. Vishnevskaya and Vladimir A. Lukhtanov and Alsu F. Saifitdinova} } @article {703, title = {Taxonomic Position and Status of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) iphigenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peloponnese, Southern Greece}, journal = {Folia Biologica (Krak{\'o}w) }, volume = {63}, year = {2015}, chapter = {295}, abstract = {

In our study we use a 690 bp fragment of the COI gene to analyze a taxon from southern
Greece, usually treated as Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) iphigenia nonacriensis (Brown,
1977). The previous conclusions on taxonomy and nomenclature of P. (A.) iphigenia
nonacriensis were not supported by molecular or cytological data, therefore the problem of
identity of this taxon has remained unsolved. We found that with respect to COI haplotypes,
P. (A.) iphigenia nonacriensis from Greece is similar to the studied populations of P. (A.)
iphigenia (Herrich-Sch\äffer, 1847) from Turkey and Armenia. Thus, we confirm that the
only Greek Agrodiaetus butterfly with blue wing coloration in males actually belongs to the
species P. (A.) iphigenia.

}, keywords = {Agrodiaetus, butterflies, Greece, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, molecular marker, Peloponnese.}, author = {Nazar Shapoval and Vladimir Lukhtanov} } @article {702, title = {The effects of Pleistocene glaciations on the phylogeography of Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)}, journal = {Eur. J. Entomol.}, volume = {104}, year = {2007}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Partial (600 bp) sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to infer the phylogeography of
Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across the entire distributional range of the species, encompassing north Africa and
Eurasia. Cladistic analysis of 49 distinct haplotypes (haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.95 and 0.027, respectively) revealed
strong phylogeographic structure in M. cinxia, characterised by four major clades: Morocco; Western (Iberia, France, Italy); Central
(central and northern Western Europe, Balkans, Greece, Anatolia, Levant); and Eastern (eastern Baltic, Urals, Iran, Siberia, China);
separated by average pairwise distances of beween 2 and 6 percent. This pattern is consistent with the location of southern glacial
refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas, as well as multiple eastern refugia. The Western clade is further structured into
south-central Iberian, northern Iberian (and French) and southern Italian sub-clades; and the Eastern clade into Near Eastern and Far
Eastern sub-clades; with weaker phylogeographical concordance within the Central clade, except for a large area in central and
northern Western Europe which is monomorphic for COI haplotype. The Baltic and eastern Europe have been primarily colonized
by the Far Eastern sub-clade, rather than the Central (Balkan) clade, highlighting the importance of including Near and Far Eastern
populations in phylogeographic studies of Palearctic species. Maps showing the extent of clades and sub-clades suggest several
regions of secondary contact and possible hybridization. Interspecific comparison of representative M. cinxia haplotypes supports a
monophyletic origin of all M. cinxia.

}, keywords = {cytochrome oxidase I, Lepidoptera, Palearctic, Phylogeography}, author = {Niklas Wahlberg and Ilik Saccheri} } @article {701, title = {Evolutionary history and patterns of differentiation among European Maniola butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)}, journal = {Eur. J. Entomol. }, volume = {103}, year = {2006}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Phylogenetic relationships of European Maniola butterflies are reconstructed using molecular sequences from two regions
of the mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb). A total of 988 base pairs (486 for Cytb,
and 502 for COI) were aligned for 15 individuals of Maniola and an outgroup species. The phylogenetic tree obtained through
Bayesian inference analysis of the combined data sets shows evidence that the island endemic M. chia is indistinguishable from M.
jurtina on the basis of the mtDNA genes studied. Net nucleotide divergence between M. jurtina and M. chia is 0.4\%, but 2\%
between the M. jurtina and the M. nurag clade. A phenetically distinct entity of individuals from Sardinia appears to be a hybrid
between M. nurag and M. jurtina. The southern and northern European ecotypes of M. jurtina, which differ in the summer aestivation
period of the southern type, are not structured genetically at the level of coding mtDNA genes. Divergence time between M.
nurag and M. jurtina was estimated to be 1.1 to 1.2 million years. Speciation most likely took place in the early Pleistocene as a consequence
of the isolation of Sardinia, when the sea reflooded the Mediterranean basin after the Messinian crisis (about 5 million
years ago).

}, keywords = {Maniola chia, Maniola jurtina, Maniola nurag, mtDNA, phylogeny, Sardinia, Satyrinae}, author = {Andrea Grill and Erasmia Gkiokia and Nadir Alvarez} } @article {700, title = {Partial mtCOI-sequences of Balkanic species of Pseudochazara (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) reveal three well-differentiated lineages}, journal = {Entomologica romanica}, volume = {19}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

In this paper we present \‘barcode\’ haplotypes of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) of Pseudochazara
species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) occurring in Balkan Peninsula. Our phylogenetic reconstruction indicates 3 well-differentiated
lineages within the 7 species: the \‘mamurra-group\’ (Pseudochazara geyeri, P. graeca, P. amymone), the \‘mniszechii-group\’ (P.
mniszechii, P. cingovskii, P. orestes) and a third lineage comprising only P. anthelea. In lineages containing multiple members,
the number of differences between pairs in nucleotide positions generally were considerably low: amymone-graeca: 1 (0.15\%),
mniszechii-orestes: 2(0.30\%), mniszechii-cingovskii: 3(0.46\%) and orestes-cingovskii: 3 (0.46\%). The genital studies of male
specimens largely supported the lineage relations mentioned above. The divergence of wing colouration could change much more
rapidly than that of mtCOI sequences, influenced by external environmental factors such as the colour of the substrate.

}, keywords = {barcode haplotypes, endemic species, genetic differentiation, lineages, Pseudochazara, substrate., wing colouration}, author = {Korn{\'e}l Tak{\'a}ts and Morten M{\o}lgaard} } @article {699, title = {Die Larvalstadien von Proterebia afra pyramus (De Louker \& Dils, 1987) aus dem Norden Griechenlands. Larvalentwicklung der dalmatinischen P. afra dalmata (Godart, 1824) im Vergleich und zur Geschichte des Namens unserer Art (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Saty}, journal = {Entomologica romanica}, volume = {16}, year = {2011}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

On 19.V.2004, 15 ova of P. afra from the Greek prefecture of Kozani (West Macedonia) arrived at D. Jutzeler\’s home;
they originated from a caged female collected by T. Lafranchis. In this study, the rearing of this material in Switzerland is documented
and compared with the results of the rearing of P. afra originating from Dalmatia (Croatia), carried out by P. Roos (1984).
The changes to both the specific and generic names, which have been used for this species, are traced back to the time of its discovery
in South Russia. Of the described subspecies of P. afra, the two Balkan races: ssp. pyramus (de Louker \& Dils, 1987) and ssp.
dalmata (Godart, 1824) are discussed in detail whereas the others are merely summarised.

}, keywords = {biology, details on ssp. pyramus and ssp. dalmata, discovery, distribution, generic and specific names, Greece, Kozani, local forms of P. afra, Proterebia afra, rearing, rearing of ssp. dalmata, Roos, Satyrinae, ssp. pyramus, taxonomy}, author = {David Jutzeler and Tristan Lafranchis} } @article {698, title = {Confirmation du rang sp{\'e}cifique d{\textquoteright}Hipparchia syriaca Staudinger (1871) par {\'e}levage et examen en Gr{\`e}ce du principe d{\textquoteright}exclusion d{\textquoteright}H. fagi et syriaca que Lorkovi{\'c} (1976) avait d{\'e}couvert en Dalmatie (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)}, journal = {Entomologica romanica}, volume = {14}, year = {2009}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Based on an examination of the genital armatures of both sexes and the hindwing underside pattern of ♀♀, Lorkovi{\'c}
(1976) demonstrated that Hipparchia syriaca should be considered as a distinct species separate from H. fagi, alcyone and genava.
This has been confirmed by the present study based on the rearing of H. syriaca from Dalmatia. Lorkovi{\'c} (1976) demonstrated that,
in Dalmatia, this species occupied a coastal strip extending up to 700m, from where H. fagi was absent. However, from a study of
the two species in Greece by T.L., the exclusion of the two species was not evident.

}, keywords = {biology of Hipparchia syriaca, Dalmatia, exclusion of syriaca and fagi, Greece, Lorkovi{\'c}, rearing, Satyrinae}, author = {David Jutzeler and Tristan Lafranchis and RUDI VEROVNIK and Guido Volpe} } @article {697, title = {The presence of Proterebia afra (Fabricius, 1787) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) in the Rhodope Mts, NE.Greece}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Gazette }, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, type = {Notes and Observations}, chapter = {236}, author = {Lazaros Pamperis} } @article {696, title = {Occurrence of an aberrant population of Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) (Lep: Nymphalidae) on Parnassos Mountain, Greece}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Rec. J. Var}, volume = {129}, year = {2017}, chapter = {304}, author = {Sotiris Alexiou} } @article {695, title = {Tracing the radiation of Maniola (Nymphalidae) butterflies: new insights from phylogeography hint at one single incompletely differentiated species complex}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

The use of DNA sequence data often leads to the recognition of cryptic species
within putatively well-known taxa. The opposite case, detecting less diversity
than originally described, has, however, far more rarely been documented.
Maniola jurtina, the Meadow Brown butterfly, occurs all over Europe, whereas
all other six species in the genus Maniola are restricted to the Mediterranean
area. Among them, three are island endemics on Sardinia, Cyprus, and Chios,
respectively. Maniola species are almost indistinguishable morphologically, and
hybridization seems to occur occasionally. To clarify species boundaries and
diversification history of the genus, we reconstructed the phylogeography and
phylogeny of all seven species within Maniola analyzing 138 individuals from
across its range using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Examination
of variation in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA surprisingly revealed a case of
taxonomic \“oversplitting\”. The topology of the recovered phylogenetic tree is
not consistent with accepted taxonomy, but rather reveals haplotype clades that
are incongruent with nominal species boundaries: instead of seven species, we
recognized only two major, yet incompletely segregated, lineages. Our results
are consistent with the hypothesis that Maniola originated in Africa. We suggest
that one lineage dispersed over the Strait of Gibraltar and the Iberian Peninsula
to the west of Europe, while the other lineage spreads eastward through Asia
Minor and over the Bosporus to Eastern Europe.

}, keywords = {Biogeography, DNA barcoding, endemism, expansion routes, phylogeny, speciation, species delimitation}, author = {Angelina J. Kreuzinger and Konrad Fiedler and Harald Letsch and Andrea Grill} } @article {694, title = {Karyosystematics and molecular taxonomy of the anomalous blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Balkan Peninsula}, journal = {Comparative Cytogenetics}, volume = {10}, year = {2016}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The Balkan Peninsula represents one of the hottest biodiversity spots in Europe. However, the invertebrate
fauna of this region is still insufficiently investigated, even in respect of such well-studied organisms as
Lepidoptera. Here we use a combination of chromosomal, molecular and morphological markers to rearrange
the group of so-called anomalous blue butterflies (also known as \‘brown complex\’ of the subgenus
Agrodiaetus H\übner, [1822] and as the Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) admetus (Esper, 1783) species group)
and to reveal its cryptic taxonomic structure. We demonstrate that P. aroaniensis (Brown, 1976) is not as
widespread in the Balkans as was previously thought. In fact, it has a dot-like distribution range restricted
to the Peloponnese Peninsula in South Greece. Polyommatus orphicus Kolev, 2005 is not as closely related
to the Turkish species P. dantchenkoi (Lukhtanov \& Wiemers, 2003) as was supposed earlier. Instead, it
is a Balkan endemic represented by two subspecies: P. orphicus orphicus (Bulgaria) and P. orphicus eleniae
Coutsis \& De Prins, 2005 (Northern Greece). Polyommatus ripartii (Freyer, 1830) is represented in the
Balkans by an endemic subspecies P. ripartii pelopi. The traditionally recognized P. admetus (Esper, 1783) is
shown to be a heterogeneous complex and is divided into Polyommatus admetus sensu stricto (the Balkans
and west Turkey) and P. yeranyani (Dantchenko \& Lukhtanov, 2005) (east Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan
and Iran). Polyommatus nephohiptamenos (Brown \& Coutsis, 1978) is confirmed to be a species with a dotlike
distribution range in Northern Greece. Finally, from Central Greece (Timfristos and Parnassos moun-tains) we describe Polyommatus timfristos Lukhtanov, Vishnevskaya \& Shapoval, sp. n. which differs by its haploid chromosome number (n=38) from the closely related and morphologically similar P. aroaniensis (n=47-48) and P. orphicus (n=41-42). We provide chromosomal evidence for three separate south Balkan Pleistocene refugia (Peloponnesse, Central Greece and Northern Greece/South Bulgaria) and stress the biogeographic importance of Central Greece as a place of diversification. Then we argue that the data obtained have direct implications for butterfly karyology, taxonomy, biogeography and conservation.

}, keywords = {Agrodiaetus, biodiversity, chromosome, COI, conservation, cryptic species, DNA barcode, ITS2, karyotype, mitochondrial marker, Polyommatus timfristos sp. n., protected species, red list}, author = {Maria S. Vishnevskaya and Alsu F. Saifitdinova and Vladimir A. Lukhtanov} } @article {693, title = {Establishing criteria for higher-level classification using molecular data: the systematics of Polyommatus blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {29}, year = {2013}, chapter = {166}, abstract = {

Most taxonomists agree on the need to adapt current classifications to recognize monophyletic units. However, delineations
between higher taxonomic units can be based on the relative ages of different lineages and \⁄ or the level of morphological
differentiation. In this paper, we address these issues in considering the species-rich Polyommatus section, a group of butterflies
whose taxonomy has been highly controversial. We propose a taxonomy-friendly, flexible temporal scheme for higher-level
classification. Using molecular data from nine markers (6666 bp) for 104 representatives of the Polyommatus section, representing
all but two of the 81 described genera \⁄ subgenera and five outgroups, we obtained a complete and well resolved phylogeny for this
clade. We use this to revise the systematics of the Polyommatus blues, and to define criteria that best accommodate the described
genera within a phylogenetic framework. First, we normalize the concept of section (Polyommatus) and propose the use of subtribe
(Polyommatina) instead. To preserve taxonomic stability and traditionally recognized taxa, we designate an age interval (4\–5 Myr)
instead of a fixed minimum age to define genera. The application of these criteria results in the retention of 31 genera of the 81
formally described generic names, and necessitates the description of one new genus (Rueckbeilia gen. nov.). We note that while
classifications should be based on phylogenetic data, applying a rigid universal scheme is rarely feasible. Ideally, taxon age limits
should be applied according to the particularities and pre-existing taxonomy of each group. We demonstrate that the concept of a
morphological gap may be misleading at the genus level and can produce polyphyletic genera, and we propose that recognition of
the existence of cryptic genera may be useful in taxonomy.

}, author = {Gerard Talavera and Vladimir A. Lukhtanov and Naomi E. Pierce and Roger Vila} } @article {692, title = {A comparative analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences in blue butterflies of subgenus Polyommatus (s. str.) Latreille, 1804 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus)}, journal = {CAUCASIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL BULL.}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of
the genus Polyommatus (s.str.) was carried out using
two independent genetic markers, the mitochondrial
cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear internal
transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). A 710bp section of COI (5\’)
and most of ITS2 (an aligned 638bp) was sequenced for 27
Polyommatus specimens belonging to 17 different taxa. The
Bayesian method was applied to infer phylogenetic trees in
the single gene and combined analyses.
The resulting trees from the single gene analyses
are congruent with each other although their resolution
differs in parts of the tree. The combined analysis produced
separate clusters for most species.
Individuals belonging to Polyommatus icarus
represent one such cluster in the tree. COI- and ITS2
sequences from different subspecies (P. icarus icarus,
P. icarus fuchsia, P. icarus juno) turned out to be similar
throughout its range, from the Iberian Peninsula to
Transbaikalia. We can confirm that the sequences of
P. andronicus are identical to P. icarus. Because both
taxa occur in sympatry, we conclude that the former is a
synonym to the latter: Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg,
1775) = P. andronicus Coutsis et Ghavalas, 1995 syn. nov.
P. ciloicus and P. icadius form separate clusters in the
tree which confirms that both are separate species from P.
icarus. P. icadius is recorded from Iran for the first time.
The combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of
mitochondrial and nuclear markers helped to clarify the
taxonomy of the P. eros group. It confirmed earlier results
obtained from COI sequences which showed that P. eroides
and P. kamtshadalis are only subspecies of P. eros. ITS2
sequences of P. boisduvalii, P. erotides, P. menelaos and
P. eroides orientalis are identical to P. eros. Therefore we
suggest to rank these taxa as subspecies of P. eros:
\– Polyommatus eros boisduvalii (Herrich-Sch\äffer, 1844):
\«Lycaena Boisduvalii\» [Herrich-Sch\äffer, 1844: 121];
\«Lycaena ErosVar\…Boisduvalii, HS.\» [Krulikovsky, 1891:
223 (in Russian)];
\«Polyommatus boisduvali (Herrich-Sch\äffer, 1844)\»
[Korshunov, 2002: 161, 385 (in Russian)].
\– Polyommatus eros erotides (Staudinger, 1892) stat. rev.:
\«Lyc.[aena] Eros O. var. Erotides Stgr.\» [Staudinger, 1892:
319];
\«Polyommatus \… eros\… sbsp. erotides Stgr.\» [Korshunov,
1972: 363 (in Russian)].
\«Polyommatus erotides (Staudinger, 1892)\» [Korshunov,
2002: 161, 385 (in Russian)].
\– Polyommatus eros menelaos Brown, 1976 stat. nov.:
\«Polyommatus menelaos sp. nov.\» [Brown, 1976: 82].
Because P. eros eroides is a subspecies of P. eros, the
taxon \«orientalis\» also becomes a subspecies of P. eros:
\– Polyommatus eros orientalis comb. nov.:
\«Polyommatus eroides ssp. n. orientalis\» [Krzywicki,
1983: 401].
P. forsteri from Iran is very similar to P. eros in
morphology, but these taxa are markedly different in COIand
ITS2 sequences. Therefore we suggest that P. forsteri is
a distinct species.
The taxa P. eros sichuanicus, P. erotides tartarus and
P. tsvetajevi are very similar genetically but form a separate
cluster from P. eros in the single gene and combined analyses.
Therefore we suggest to combine P. eros sichuanicus, P.
erotides tartarus and P. tsvetajevi into a distinct species.
According to our research the valid species name for this
taxon is Polyommatus amorata (Alpheraky, 1897) comb.
nov., stat. nov., a taxon which was originally described as
Lycaena Eros var. Amorata Alph. nova. Its type series is in
the museum of the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg.
We designate the specimen with the following label as
lectotype: \“Sytschuan Mao-Djoov. 26 VIII\” is written on
the upperside and \“Potanin 1893\” on the underside of the
label.
The lectotypes of P. amorata and \“P. eros sichuanicus\”
are very similar morphologically and these taxa appear to
have identical areas of distribution. Therefore we propose
the following synonymy:
- Polyommatus amorata (Alpheraky, 1897) = P. eros
sichuanicus Murayama, 1983 syn. nov.
P. amorata contains two subspecies which appear to
have some differences in sequences and wing patterns and
are distributed in different areas:
\– Polyommatus amorata tartarus (Fruhstorfer, 1916)
comb. nov.:
\«Lycaena tithonus tartarus subsp. nov.\» [Fruhstorfer,
1916: 19];
\«Polyommatus erotides tartarus (Fruhstorfer, 1916)\»
[Huang, 1999: 659].
\– Polyommatus amorata tsvetajevi (Kurentzov, 1970) stat.
nov.:
\«Lycaena tsvetajevi sp. n.\» [Kurentzov 1970: 137 (in
Russian)];
\«Polyommatus tsvetaevi (Kurentzov, 1970)\» [Korshunov,
2002: 161, 385 (in Russian)].
We conclude that the combined analysis of two
independent mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers
enabled to resolve the taxonomy of a group of closely
related species whose classification had been confused due
to the shortage of available morphological characters.

}, keywords = {Taxonomy of Polyommatus (s. str.), СOI and ITS2 genes}, author = {D.I. Vodolazhsky and M. Wiemers and B.V. Stradomsky} } @article {690, title = {A synonymical, and distributional checklist of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of East Mediterranean countries, including Turkey (Lepidoptera) }, journal = {Priamus (Suppl.)}, volume = {25}, year = {2011}, month = {29.10.2011}, chapter = {1}, author = {Muhabbet Kemal and Ahmet Omer Kocak} } @article {688, title = {Mito-nuclear discordance helps to reveal the phylogeographic patterns of Melitaea ornata (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {121}, year = {2017}, chapter = {267}, keywords = {hybridization {\textendash} Last Glacial Maximum {\textendash} species distribution modelling {\textendash} Wolbachia}, author = {J. P. Toth and Z. Varga and R. Verovnik and N. Wahlberg and A. Varadi and J. Bereczki} } @article {687, title = {Dispersal, fragmentation, and isolation shape the phylogeography of the European lineages of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) ripartii (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {109}, year = {2013}, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

Polyommatus ripartii is a biogeographically and taxonomically poorly understood species of butterfly with a
scattered distribution in Europe. Recently, it has been shown that this species includes several European endemic
and localized taxa (galloi, exuberans, agenjoi) that were previously considered species and even protected, a result
that poses further questions about the processes that led to its current distribution. We analysed mitochondrial
DNA and the morphology of P. ripartii specimens to study the phylogeography of European populations. Three
genetically differentiated but apparently synmorphic lineages occur in Europe that could be considered evolutionarily
significant units for conservation. Their strongly fragmented and counterintuitive distribution seems to be the
result of multiple range expansions and contractions along Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Remarkably, based on
the 79 specimens studied, these genetic lineages do not seem to extensively coexist in the distributional mosaic,
a phenomenon most evident in the Iberian Peninsula. One of the important gaps in the European distribution of
P. ripartii is reduced by the discovery of new Croatian populations, which also facilitate a better understanding of
the biogeography of the species.

}, keywords = {biogeography {\textendash} conservation {\textendash} distribution {\textendash} genetic lineages {\textendash} morphology {\textendash} postglacial expansion.}, author = {Vlad Dinca and Marten Runquist and Marten Nilsson and Roger Vila} } @article {686, title = {Phylogeography of Parnassius apollo: hints on taxonomy and conservation of a vulnerable glacial butterfly invader}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {101}, year = {2010}, chapter = {169}, abstract = {

Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) is probably the most renowned Eurasian montane butterfly. Its specialized
ecology makes it very sensitive to habitat and climate changes, so that it is now experiencing range contraction
and local extinction across most of its range. We sequenced 869 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome
oxidase I gene in 78 P. apollo populations (201 individuals) in order to: (1) assess the phylogeographic pattern of
the species; (2) shed light on the historical biogeographic processes that shaped the distribution of the species; and
(3) identify geographic population units of special value for the conservation of the species\’ genetic diversity. Our
analyses revealed a very strong phylogeographic structure in P. apollo, which displays a number of distinctive
mtDNA lineages populating geographically distinct areas. Overall sequence divergence is relatively shallow, and
is consistent with a recent (late Pleistocene) colonization of most of the range. We propose that P. apollo is best
viewed as an atypical glacial invader in southern and western Europe, the isolated, montane populations of which,
threatened by climate warming, retain a large fraction of the species evolutionary heritage

}, keywords = {butterflies {\textendash} mtDNA {\textendash} Pleistocene.} } @article {685, title = {How common are dot-like distributions? Taxonomical oversplitting in western European Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) revealed by chromosomal and molecular markers}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {101}, year = {2010}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Approximately 50 taxa of butterflies in Western Europe have been described as new species or elevated to the level
of species during the last 40 years. Many, especially those belonging to the genus Agrodiaetus, have unusually
localized, \‘dot-like\’ distributional ranges. In the present study, we use a combination of chromosomal and molecular
markers to re-evaluate the species status of Agrodiaetus distributed west of the 17th meridian. The results
obtained do not support the current designations of Agrodiaetus galloi, Agrodiaetus exuberans, and Agrodiaetus
agenjoi as endemic species with highly restricted distribution ranges, but indicate that these taxa are more likely
to be local populations of a widely distributed species, Agrodiaetus ripartii. Agrodiaetus violetae is shown to be a
polytypic species consisting of at least two subspecies, including Agrodiaetus violetae subbaeticus comb. nov. and
Agrodiaetus violetae violetae. Agrodiaetus violetae is genetically (but not chromosomally) distinct from Agrodiaetus
fabressei and has a wider distribution in southern Spain than previously believed. Agrodiaetus humedasae from
northern Italy is supported as a highly localized species that is distinct from its nearest relatives. We propose a
revision of the species lists for Agrodiaetus taking these new data into account. The results reported in the present
study are relevant to animal conservation efforts in Europe because of their implications for IUCN Red List
priorities.

}, keywords = {systematics {\textendash} species {\textendash} conservation {\textendash} distribution {\textendash} range {\textendash} reinforcement {\textendash} phylogeny.} } @article {684, title = {Varying rates of diversification in the genus Melitaea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) during the past 20 million years}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {97}, year = {2009}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

The influence of Quarternary glacial cycles on the extant diversity of Holarctic species has been intensively studied.
It has been hypothesized that palaeoclimatic changes are responsible for divergence events in lineages. A constant
improvement in DNA sequencing and modeling methods, as well as palaeoclimatic reconstruction, permit a deeper
exploration of general causes of speciation in geological time. In the present study, we sampled, as exhaustively as
possible, the butterflies belonging to the genus Melitaea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), which are widely spread in
the Palaearctic region. We conducted analyses to assess the phylogeny of the genus and estimated the timing of
divergence and the most likely distribution of ancestral populations. The results obtained indicate that the
systematics of the genus is in need of revision and that the diversity of the genus has been profoundly shaped by
palaeoenvironmental changes during its evolutionary history. The present study also emphasizes that, when
employed with caveats, major palaeoenvironmental events could represent very powerful tools for the calibration
of the dating of divergences using molecular data.

}, keywords = {colonization {\textendash} divergence time {\textendash} palaeoclimate {\textendash} speciation rate {\textendash} systematic}, author = {Julien Leveneu and Anton Chichvarkhin and Niklas Wahlberg} } @article {683, title = {Patterns of evolution and multidimensional systematics in graylings (Lepidoptera: Hipparchia)}, journal = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {52}, year = {1994}, chapter = {101}, abstract = {

The difficult and controversial attribution of Hipparchia (Parahipparchia) populations to species or
subspecies rank led us to use a comparative, quantitative approach to clarify evolutionary and
taxonomic relationships among taxa. Seventeen populations from the Mediterranean area belonging
to nine presumptive species or subspecies were sampled, and multivariate analyses were employed to
study three character sets: allozymes, morphometric profiles of male genitalia, and quantitative
descriptors of wing pattern and shape. Comparative analyses of distance matrices, trees and
ordination patterns enabled us to outline evolutionary relationships among taxa and to assess the
relative value of each character set. Congruent relationships among taxa were obtained from
allozymes and male genital morphometrics, suggesting that divergence in genital morphology is a
fairly good marker of the overall genetic divergence. On the other hand, discordant results from
wing pattern descriptors suggest these might be subjected to different evolutionary trajectories and
rates because of their particular adaptive significance, and might not represent reliable tracers of
phylogeny.

}, keywords = {Evolution - speciation - systematics ~ allozymes - morphometry - butterfly male genitalia - butterfly wing pattern - multivariate analyses - graylings.}, author = {Donatella Cesaroni and Marco Lucarelli and Paola Allori and Francesca Russo and Valerio Sbordoni} } @article {682, title = {Egy xeromont{\'a}n bogl{\'a}rkalepke: a Plebejus pylaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) {\'e}s rokons{\'a}gi k{\"o}re (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), III.* A csoport filogenetik{\'a}ja {\'e}s {\'a}llatf{\"o}ldrajza.}, journal = {A Janus Pannonius M{\'u}zeum {\'E}vk{\"o}nyve}, volume = {37}, year = {1993}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

B\ÁLINT, Zsolt: A xeromontane lycaenid butterfly species: Plebejus
plyaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) and its relatives. Part III: The
phylogeny and biogeography of the group.
The phylogenetic relationships of the Plebejides taxa are clarified by
cladistic methods. The speciation and biogeographic history of the
group is discussed. Notes on the dynamism and the coolescence of the
phyletic branches are given. Detailed English summary and list of
references close the work.

} } @article {681, title = {Butterfly species-group taxa from the Balkans and western Anatolia attributed to Imre Frivaldszky (1799-1870) (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea \& Papilionoidea)}, journal = {Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici}, volume = {93}, year = {2001}, chapter = {151}, abstract = {

Twenty-one butterfly species group taxa, the authorship of which has been traditionally attributed to FRIVALDSZKY by classical XlXth century lepidopterists, though validly described for the first time either by FREYER (eleven taxa), HERRICII-SCH\ÄFFER (seven taxa) or FRIVALDSZKY himself (three taxa), are discussed in the context of historical material provided to the first two workers, either directly or indirectly, by FRIVALDSZKY and referred to as such in their works as well as in those of other contemporary authors. Special attention is further paid to the Frivaldszky Insect Collection, currently deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum and to its Catalogue (FRIVALDSZKY 1864a). Five nomina nuda have been published by FRIVALDSZKY before any valid and available description appeared for the taxon in question, eight afterwards. Syntypes are determined here for the nominal taxa Lycena [sic!] eroides FRIVALDSZKY, 1835 and Chilades trochylus var. grisea ABAFI-AlGNER, 1906, while the type locality of nine nominal taxa is either determined or corrected and one new synonym is established. With 15 figures.

}, keywords = {Anatolia., Balkan Peninsula, Frivaldszky, Hesperioidea, Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea}, author = {Zs. Βalint and A. Olivier} } @article {680, title = {AN ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE PALEARCTIC MELITAEA (LEP. RHOPALOCERA)}, journal = {TRANSR. . ENT. SOC. LOND}, volume = {91}, year = {1941}, month = {Nov. 1941}, chapter = {175}, author = {L. G. HIGGINS} } @article {678, title = {New Data on the Expansion of the Geranium Bronze, Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) in the Eastern Part of the Balkan Peninsula, with Some Biological Notes}, journal = {ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA}, volume = {Suppl. 9}, year = {2017}, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

The present paper reports some new records of the species Geranium Bronze (Cacyreus marshalli) from
certain localities in the Mediterranean part of the South-East Balkan Peninsula, along with data regarding
its biology. The collection of the data was done as a part of field work across Bulgaria, Greece and the
Republic of Macedonia, as well as from other different sources (literature data, personal communications
and the Internet). The first finding of the Geranium Bronze in the R. of Macedonia is also reported here.

}, keywords = {alien pest, biology, Cacyreus marshalli, distribution, the Balkan Peninsula}, author = {Mario S Langourov and Nikolay P Simov} } @article {677, title = {MORPHOMETRIC STUDY ON THE GENITALIA OF SIBLING SPECIES MELITAEA PHOEBE AND M. TELONA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)}, journal = {Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, volume = {56}, year = {2010}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the diverse nymphalid genus Melitaea was often considered during
the last decade. Melitaea phoebe (Knapweed Fritillary) and M. telona has been considered
as conspecific until the last few years. Morphometric characters of genital structures were analysed
by traditional morphometric method. Significant but slightly overlapping differences
were found in both sexes. In male genitalia we observed that M. telona can be characterised by
a more notched saccus, and more symmetric processi posteriore than M. phoebe. In females,
Melitaea phoebe has more circle shaped, while M. telona has more elliptic shaped posterior
lamella. The furca is usually smaller in M. phoebe. M. phoebe ornata specimens from the
South Ural, Russia, were clustered together with M. telona in the analyses.

}, keywords = {male and female genitalia, Melitaea phoebe, Melitaea telona, morphometrics, taxonomic separation}, author = {J.P.Tόth and Z. Varga} }