03740nas a2200313 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260001700220490000700237520281700244653001703061653000803078653002603086653001203112653000903124653001603133653002003149653002303169653001803192653002003210100003003230700001703260700001703277700002103294700002103315700002403336700001603360856005003376 2011 eng d00aTracing the origin of disjunct distributions: a case of biogeographical convergence in Pyrgus butterflies0 aTracing the origin of disjunct distributions a case of biogeogra cOctober 20110 v383 a

Aim To study the biogeographical factors responsible for the current disjunct
distributions of two closely related species of butterflies (Pyrgus cinarae and
Pyrgus sidae, Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Both species have small populations in
the Iberian Peninsula that are isolated by more than 1000 km from their nearest
conspecifics. Because these species possess similar ecological preferences and
geographical distributions, they are excellent candidates for congruent
biogeographical histories.
Location The Palaearctic region, with a special focus on the Mediterranean
peninsulas as glacial refugia.
Methods We integrated phylogeography and population genetic analyses with
ecological niche modelling. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase
subunit 1 (COI) and the non-coding nuclear marker internal transcribed spacer 2
(ITS2) were analysed for 62 specimens of P. cinarae and for 80 of P. sidae to infer
phylogeography and to date the origin of disjunct distributions. Current and
ancestral [Last Glacial Maximum using MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate) and CCSM (Community Climate System Model)
circulation models] distribution models were calculated with Maxent. Using
present climatic conditions, we delimited the ecological space for each species.
Results The genetic structure and potential ancestral distribution of the two
species were markedly different. While the Iberian population of P. cinarae had an
old origin (c. 1 Ma), that of P. sidae was closely related to French and Italian
lineages (which jointly diverged from eastern populations c. 0.27 Ma). Ecological
niche modelling showed that minor differences in the ecological preferences of
the two species seem to account for their drastically different distributional
response to the last glacial to post-glacial environmental conditions. Although the
potential distribution of P. cinarae was largely unaffected by climate change,
suitable habitat for P. sidae strongly shifted in both elevation and latitude. This
result might explain the early origin of the disjunct distribution of P. cinarae, in
contrast to the more recent disjunction of P. sidae.
Main conclusions We show that convergent biogeographical patterns can be
analysed with a combination of genetic and ecological niche modelling data. The
results demonstrate that species with similar distributional patterns and ecology
may still have different biogeographical histories, highlighting the importance of
including the temporal dimension when studying biogeographical patterns.

10aBiogeography10aCOI10adisjunct distribution10aecology10aITS210aLepidoptera10aniche modelling10aPalaearctic region10apalaeoclimate10aphylogeography.1 aHernandez-Roldan, Juan, L1 aMurria, Cesc1 aRomo, Helena1 aTalavera, Gerard1 aZakharov, Evgeny1 aHebert, Paul, D. N.1 aVila, Roger uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/70502553nas a2200145 4500008004100000245015400041210006900195490000700264520199900271100002102270700002802291700002202319700001602341856005002357 2013 eng d00aEstablishing criteria for higher-level classification using molecular data: the systematics of Polyommatus blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)0 aEstablishing criteria for higherlevel classification using molec0 v293 a

Most taxonomists agree on the need to adapt current classifications to recognize monophyletic units. However, delineations
between higher taxonomic units can be based on the relative ages of different lineages and ⁄ or the level of morphological
differentiation. In this paper, we address these issues in considering the species-rich Polyommatus section, a group of butterflies
whose taxonomy has been highly controversial. We propose a taxonomy-friendly, flexible temporal scheme for higher-level
classification. Using molecular data from nine markers (6666 bp) for 104 representatives of the Polyommatus section, representing
all but two of the 81 described genera ⁄ subgenera and five outgroups, we obtained a complete and well resolved phylogeny for this
clade. We use this to revise the systematics of the Polyommatus blues, and to define criteria that best accommodate the described
genera within a phylogenetic framework. First, we normalize the concept of section (Polyommatus) and propose the use of subtribe
(Polyommatina) instead. To preserve taxonomic stability and traditionally recognized taxa, we designate an age interval (4–5 Myr)
instead of a fixed minimum age to define genera. The application of these criteria results in the retention of 31 genera of the 81
formally described generic names, and necessitates the description of one new genus (Rueckbeilia gen. nov.). We note that while
classifications should be based on phylogenetic data, applying a rigid universal scheme is rarely feasible. Ideally, taxon age limits
should be applied according to the particularities and pre-existing taxonomy of each group. We demonstrate that the concept of a
morphological gap may be misleading at the genus level and can produce polyphyletic genera, and we propose that recognition of
the existence of cryptic genera may be useful in taxonomy.

1 aTalavera, Gerard1 aLukhtanov, Vladimir, A.1 aPierce, Naomi, E.1 aVila, Roger uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/693