01857nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160490000700229520127000236653009001506100002001596700002401616700002101640856005001661 2009 eng d00aVarying rates of diversification in the genus Melitaea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) during the past 20 million years0 aVarying rates of diversification in the genus Melitaea Lepidopte0 v973 a

The influence of Quarternary glacial cycles on the extant diversity of Holarctic species has been intensively studied.
It has been hypothesized that palaeoclimatic changes are responsible for divergence events in lineages. A constant
improvement in DNA sequencing and modeling methods, as well as palaeoclimatic reconstruction, permit a deeper
exploration of general causes of speciation in geological time. In the present study, we sampled, as exhaustively as
possible, the butterflies belonging to the genus Melitaea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), which are widely spread in
the Palaearctic region. We conducted analyses to assess the phylogeny of the genus and estimated the timing of
divergence and the most likely distribution of ancestral populations. The results obtained indicate that the
systematics of the genus is in need of revision and that the diversity of the genus has been profoundly shaped by
palaeoenvironmental changes during its evolutionary history. The present study also emphasizes that, when
employed with caveats, major palaeoenvironmental events could represent very powerful tools for the calibration
of the dating of divergences using molecular data.

10acolonization – divergence time – palaeoclimate – speciation rate – systematic1 aLeveneu, Julien1 aChichvarkhin, Anton1 aWahlberg, Niklas uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/68401982nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139490000700208520128500215653015601500100002401656700002101680700001801701700002101719700002201740856005001762 1994 eng d00aPatterns of evolution and multidimensional systematics in graylings (Lepidoptera: Hipparchia)0 aPatterns of evolution and multidimensional systematics in grayli0 v523 a

The difficult and controversial attribution of Hipparchia (Parahipparchia) populations to species or
subspecies rank led us to use a comparative, quantitative approach to clarify evolutionary and
taxonomic relationships among taxa. Seventeen populations from the Mediterranean area belonging
to nine presumptive species or subspecies were sampled, and multivariate analyses were employed to
study three character sets: allozymes, morphometric profiles of male genitalia, and quantitative
descriptors of wing pattern and shape. Comparative analyses of distance matrices, trees and
ordination patterns enabled us to outline evolutionary relationships among taxa and to assess the
relative value of each character set. Congruent relationships among taxa were obtained from
allozymes and male genital morphometrics, suggesting that divergence in genital morphology is a
fairly good marker of the overall genetic divergence. On the other hand, discordant results from
wing pattern descriptors suggest these might be subjected to different evolutionary trajectories and
rates because of their particular adaptive significance, and might not represent reliable tracers of
phylogeny.

10aEvolution - speciation - systematics ~ allozymes - morphometry - butterfly male genitalia - butterfly wing pattern - multivariate analyses - graylings.1 aCesaroni, Donatella1 aLucarelli, Marco1 aAllori, Paola1 aRusso, Francesca1 aSbordoni, Valerio uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/683