02616nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015900041210006900200490000700269520189400276653002002170653002802190653002202218653001902240653002302259653002302282100001602305700002302321700001602344856005002360 2011 eng d00aA combined genetic-morphometric analysis unravels the complex biogeographical history of Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celina Common Blue butterflies0 acombined geneticmorphometric analysis unravels the complex bioge0 v203 a

Widespread species have the potential to reveal large-scale biogeographical patterns, as
well as responses to environmental changes possibly unique to habitat generalists. This
study presents a continental-scale phylogeographical analysis of Polyommatus icarus,
one of the most common Palaearctic butterflies, and the morphologically and ecologically
similar Polyommatus celina, a recently discovered cryptic species. By combining data
from mitochondrial [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and nuclear [internal
transcribed spacer (ITS2)] molecular markers with geometric morphometrics, we
document a complex phylogeographical history for the two species. Despite morphological
similarities, the genetic divergence between these two species is high (more than
5% at COI) and they are not sister species. For the first time, we show that P. celina
occurs not only in North Africa but also in Europe, where it inhabits several west
Mediterranean islands, as well as large parts of Iberia, where it occurs in parapatry with
P. icarus. The two species appear to completely exclude each other on islands, but we
provide morphological and molecular evidence that introgression occurred in the Iberian
Peninsula. We discovered strongly diverged lineages that seem to represent relict
populations produced by past range expansions and contractions: Crete and Iberian
isolates for P. icarus, Balearics–Sardinia and Sicily–Lipari for P. celina. This study
shows that a combined genetic-morphometric approach can shed light on cryptic
diversity while providing the necessary resolution to reconstruct a fine-scale phylogeographical
history of species at both spatial and temporal levels.

10acryptic species10ageometric morphometrics10amolecular markers10aPhylogeography10aPolyommatus celina10aPolyommatus icarus1 aDinca, Vlad1 aDapporto, Leonardo1 aVila, Roger uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/71203459nas a2200241 4500008004100000245018000041210006900221490000700290520261900297653002902916653002102945653001702966653001602983653001902999653003203018653001403050653001803064100002003082700002603102700002203128700001703150856005003167 2006 eng d00aGenetic differentiation of the marbled white butterfly, Melanargia galathea , accounts for glacial distribution patterns and postglacial range expansion in southeastern Europe0 aGenetic differentiation of the marbled white butterfly Melanargi0 v153 a

Isolation of Mediterranean species in the southern European peninsulas during the cold
glacial phases often resulted in differentiation of several genetic lineages confined to the
respective peninsulas. However, whilst there is good genetic evidence for multiple refugia
in Iberia, there are only limited data available for the Balkans. Therefore, we wish to examine
the hypothesis of a strong genetic structuring within southeastern Europe for the existence
of multiple Balkan differentiation centres and/or several leading edges. As a model we use
the marbled white butterfly,
Melanargia galathea
. We studied 18 allozyme loci of 564 individuals
from 16 populations distributed over a large part of southeastern Europe. The single
populations showed moderately high genetic diversity and no northward decline of genetic
diversity was detected. The overall genetic differentiation between populations was considerable
(FST 7.0%). Cluster analysis discriminated three genetic groups: (i) a western flank
in the former Yugoslavia, parts of eastern Austria and Hungary; (ii) an eastern flank with
populations from Bulgaria and Romania (south of the southern Carpathians and eastern
Carpathians); and (iii) the eastern Carpathian Basin. Hierarchical variance analysis distributed
53% of the variance among populations between these three groups. One sample from the
Greek–Bulgarian border clustered within the eastern flank, but showed some tendency
towards the eastern Carpathian Basin populations. Two populations from Carinthia clustered
together with the eastern Carpathian Basin ones and a population from Styria showed an
intermediate genetic composition between the three groups. Most probably, the eastern and
the western flank groups are due to postglacial range expansion from the northeastern and
the northwestern edges of the glacial differentiation centre (so-called leading edges). The
eastern Carpathian Basin group may have resulted from postglacial expansion from northern
Greece through valley systems of the central Balkan peninsula, maybe even expanding
westwards north of the Balkan mountains reaching some parts of eastern Austria (e.g. Carinthia).
Therefore, the Balkanic refugium of
M. galathea
may or may not have been continuous
along the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, but must have been strongly genetically structured.

10aallozyme electrophoresis10agenetic lineages10aleading edge10aNymphalidae10aPhylogeography10apostglacial range expansion10aSatyrinae10aWürm ice age1 aSchmitt, Thomas1 aHabel, Jan, Christian1 aZimmermann, Marco1 aMuller, Paul uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/71102409nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152490000800221520184500229653002502074653001602099653001502115653001902130100002102149700001902170856005002189 2007 eng d00aThe effects of Pleistocene glaciations on the phylogeography of Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)0 aeffects of Pleistocene glaciations on the phylogeography of Meli0 v1043 a

Partial (600 bp) sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to infer the phylogeography of
Melitaea cinxia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across the entire distributional range of the species, encompassing north Africa and
Eurasia. Cladistic analysis of 49 distinct haplotypes (haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.95 and 0.027, respectively) revealed
strong phylogeographic structure in M. cinxia, characterised by four major clades: Morocco; Western (Iberia, France, Italy); Central
(central and northern Western Europe, Balkans, Greece, Anatolia, Levant); and Eastern (eastern Baltic, Urals, Iran, Siberia, China);
separated by average pairwise distances of beween 2 and 6 percent. This pattern is consistent with the location of southern glacial
refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas, as well as multiple eastern refugia. The Western clade is further structured into
south-central Iberian, northern Iberian (and French) and southern Italian sub-clades; and the Eastern clade into Near Eastern and Far
Eastern sub-clades; with weaker phylogeographical concordance within the Central clade, except for a large area in central and
northern Western Europe which is monomorphic for COI haplotype. The Baltic and eastern Europe have been primarily colonized
by the Far Eastern sub-clade, rather than the Central (Balkan) clade, highlighting the importance of including Near and Far Eastern
populations in phylogeographic studies of Palearctic species. Maps showing the extent of clades and sub-clades suggest several
regions of secondary contact and possible hybridization. Interspecific comparison of representative M. cinxia haplotypes supports a
monophyletic origin of all M. cinxia.

10acytochrome oxidase I10aLepidoptera10aPalearctic10aPhylogeography1 aWahlberg, Niklas1 aSaccheri, Ilik uhttps://lepidopteragr.myspecies.info/node/702